1. Introduction
   1. Whose expedition open the door to maritime trade between European and Asian peoples?
   2. Name four of the most powerful Imperial empires from 500 to 1500c.e.?
   3. Who established transoceanic empire that by the ninteeth century ruled most of the world?
2. The European reconnaissance of the world's oceans
   1. Name 3 Motives for European exploration.
   2. The technology of exploration enabled European mariners to travel offshore
      1. What innovations to ships enabled long distance ocean travel?
      2. What achievement was crucial for the exploration of regions with uncooperative winds?
      3. What were the most important Navigational instruments that enabled these vessels to travel long distances? Explain them.
      4. What enabled Europeans to travel more reliably?
         3. What is the volta do mar?
   3. Voyages of exploration: From the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
      1. Who encouraged exploration of west Africa?
         1. Describe the achievements of the early Portuguese explorers of Africa?
      2. Describe Vasco da Gama of Portugal's achievements?
      3. Who sponored Christopher Columbus and what did he propose?
      4. Columbus' decision to sail west reach asia was based on what information?
      5. Why did Portugal decline Christopher Columbus' proposal?
      6. What did Columbus do when he reached the large island of Cuba?
      7. What was the unintended consequences of Columbus's voyage to the western hemisphere?
   4. Voyages of exploration: from the Atlantic to the Pacific
      1. Who was the first Euorpean to see the pacific?
      2. Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
         1. What goal did Magellan choose to pursue?
         2. Describe the problem facing Magellan during his expedition? How many of his crew survived?
         3. Only one ship out of five completed what?
         4. Where did Magellan die?
      3. How long did it take for Europeans Exploration of the Pacific?
         1. Who established a trade route between the Philippines and Mexico?
         2. What were English mariners searched for?
      4. Besides Magellan, who was the most important of the Pacific explorers and how many expeditions did he led?
         1. When did Europeans have a reasonably accurate geographical knowledge of the world?
3. Trade and conflict in early modern Asia
   1. Trading-post empires
      1. By the mid 16th century, how many traing posts did the Portuguese build between west Africa and east Asia?
      2. Who was the sixteenth-century Portuguese commander in Indian Ocean?
         1. What ports did he gain control of for portugual?
         2. How did he try to control the Indian Ocean trade from these ports?
         3. Why Portuguese hegemony grew weak by the late sixteenth century?
      3. Who tried to established parallel trading posts in Asian coasts to compete with Portugual?
         1. What areas did each control?
         2. What advantages did the Dutch and English have over the Portuguese?
      4. What is a joint-stock company? Give at least two examples of these type of compaines? How profitable were they?
   2. European conquests in southeast Asia
      1. What two regions of Asia did Europeans conquered existing authorities and impose their rule?
      2. Who conquered the Philippines in 1565?
      3. Their policy in the Philippines revolved around what?
         • What was the capital of the Philippines?
         • Who was massacred by the thousands?
         • Who resisted the spread Christianity on southern island of Mindanao?
      4. Who Conquered Java?
         1. Were the they interested in spreading Christianity to Java?
         2. What was their Policy?
         3. Did they rule Indonesia directly?
         4. What is profitable?
   3. Commercial rivalries and the Seven Years' War
      1. Global competition and conflict
         1. Who expelled most Portuguese merchants from southeast Asia?
         2. In the early eighteenth century, what was the conflict between English and French merchants over?
         3. Competition wasso fierce over what territory that it oftern broke out in war between English, French, and Spanish forces?
      2. Commerican rivries combined with politcal differences resulted in the ?
         1. Who fought in In Europe?:
         2. Who fought In India:
         3. Who fought in the Caribbean?:
         4. Who fought in North America?
      3. What was the outcome of the war?:
         1. What areas did the British gain control of?
         2. In Europe, Prussian armies held off massive armies of the enemies
         3. What did the war paved the way for?
4. Global exchanges
   1. Define the Columbian Exchange.
      2. What were some of the Epidemic diseases that -led to staggering population losses?
         1. What was the impact of Smallpox on the Aztecs?
         2. Between 1500 and 1800, how many peopl died of imported diseases?
      3. New foods and domestic animals
         1. What food and animals went to Americas?
         2. What were some American crops that diffused to Europe?
         3. What happened to the world's population from 1500 to 1900?
      4. Migration of human populations
         1. What were largest group of migrants from 1500 to 1800?
         2. Where did Europeans migrate?
   2. The origins of global trade
      1. Explain the Transoceanic Trade system?
      2. What were the Manila galleons?
         2. Explain the Spanish trade between China, Mexico and Spain.