1. Introduction
   1. Who is Dona Marina?
   2. Why were the Europeans able to establish a presence throughout the Americas andmuch of the Pacific Basin?
   3. Which Europeans settled in Mexico and Peru, Brazil and North America?
2. Colliding worlds
   1. The Spanish Caribbean
      1. What was even more important than European technology that helped them establish their presence in the Americas?
      2. Who were the first Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean that european inteacted with ?
         1. How did they live?
         2. What was their reaction to their European visitors? T
      3. What was the capital of the Spanish Caribbean and what did Columbus have built there?
         1. Who worked to mine gold?
         2. Define Encomiendas:
         3. What brought decline of Taino populations?
         4. What are some words that were derived from Taino cultural elements?
         5. After the 1640s, the Caribbean became a center of what type of production?
         6. Since the indigenious populations were extinct, where did the Europeans get their laborers?
   2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru
      1. Who conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico?
         1. With only 450 men, how did he conquere the Aztec empire, 1519-1521?
      2. Who conquered the Inca empire in Peru?
         1. What helped him in defeating the Incas?
         2. What did he do to Incan buildings and temples?
   3. Iberian empires in the Americas
      1. Why were the conquests of Mexico and Peru not the resutl of Spanish royal policy?
      2. When was Spanish colonial administration formalized under the royal crown?
         1. Where were the spanish administrative centers?
         2. Who were the kings representatives in the Americas?
         3. What prevented viceroys from building personal power bases and becoming independent from the kings of Spain?
         4. In reality, why did Viceroys had sweeping powers within thier jurisdictions?
      3. Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas.
         1. Portuguese interest in Brazil rose dramatically after the mid 1500's because of what?
      4. Colonial American society
         1. European-style society in cities, while indigenous culture persisted where?
         2. How di the Spanish and Portuguese peoples see the new world?
         3. Between 1500-1800, how many spanish and portuguese migrated to the new world?
   4. Settler colonies in North America
      1. Foundation of colonies on east coast, exploration of west coast
         1. Why did the French and English explore the new world?
         2. Where did the English settle?
         3. Where did the Dutch settle?
         4. Where did the French settle?
         5. What did all the settlements suffere?
      2. How were the Colonial governments of North America different from Iberian colonies of Central and South America?
      3. Describe Relations with indigenous peoples by Europeans of North America?
         5. Between 1500 and 1800, native population of North America decreased by what percentage?
3. Colonial society in the Americas
   1. Introduction
   • What became the dominant faith of the Western Hemisphere?
   2. The formation of multicultural societies
   1. Who was Cabeza de Vaca?
   2. In Spanish and Portuguese settlements, mestizo societies emerged
      1. All European territories soon became what type of societies under European dominance?
      2. What percentage of Spanish immigrant were men and what impact did that have on race in the new world?
      3. Define Mestizo:
      4. Define mulattoes, and zambos.
      5. What society had a large percentage of mixed racial groups?
   3. Typically the social (and racial) hierarchy in Iberian colonies was as follows:
      1. What group was at the top of the hierarchy?
      2. Who owned the land and held the power?
      3. Define criollos.
      4. Who performed much of the manual labor?
      5. Who were at the bottom of the soical hierarchy?
   4. North American societies
      1. Why was their less racial inter-marriage in North American societies?
      2. Define métis.
      3. What was English attitude towards natives and African slaves.
      4. Explain some examples of cultural borrowing between english and native peoples.
   1. Mining and agriculture in the Spanish empire
      1. What became the basis of Spanish New World wealth?
         1. What did the Conquistadores do with Aztec and Incan artifacts ?
         2. What were the two major sites of silver mining:
      2. The global significance of silver
         1. What helped stimulate the world economy of early modern times?
         2. What was the quinto?
         3. What did this pay for?
         4. Europeans used the profits from new world silver to trade in Asian markets for what?
      3. What were the basis of Spanish American agricultural and craft production?
         1. Who did they produced foodstuffs for?
         2. Why did Spanish officials replance the encomienda system with the repartimiento system?
         3. Define the Repartimiento system.
         4. What replaced the Repartimiento system by early 17th century?
      4. Resistance to Spanish rule by indigenous people
         1. What were some of the forms of resistance to Spanish rule?:
         2. Difficult for natives to register complaints: Where were some of Poma de Ayala's complaints?
   2. Sugar and slavery in Portuguese Brazil
      1. The Portuguese empire in Brazil dependent on what?
         1. Colonial Brazilian life revolved around what?
         2. Engenho combined both of what?
         3. Who the became the landed nobility?
      2. Growth of slavery in Brazil
         1. The Native peoples of Brazil were not what?
         2. What also reduced indigenous population?
         3. As a result how did the Portuguese solve their labor problem in Brazil?
         4. Why was their a constant demand for more slaves?
         5. Roughly, every ton of sugar cost what?
   3. Fur traders and settlers in North America
      1. What was very profitable in North America?
      2. What was the role of Native people and Europeans in the furt trade?
      3. What were some of the effects of the fur trade?
      4. European settler-cultivators posed more serious threat to native societies
         1. What were some of the cash crops?-
         2. Who were the laborers on these cash crop plantations?
      5. What replaced indentured servants in the late seventeenth century oin southern plantations?
         1. Why was slavery not yet prominet in Northern colonies?
         2. Who did the northern New England colonies participate in the slave trade?
   4. Christianity and native religions in the Americas
      1. Spanish missionaries introduced what religion?
         1. What did the missionaries establish?
         2. Some missionaries recorded what?
         3. The Catholic Church attracted many converts but what survived?
      2. In 1531, what became a national symbol?
      3. Why were French and English missions less successful?
4. Europeans in the Pacific
   1. Australia and the larger world
      1. Who explored west Australia in the seventeenth century? What was there impression of the land?
      2. Who explored east Australia in 1770?
         1. Who and in what year established first settlement in Australia? What type of settlement was it?
         2. In what year did Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminals?
   2. The Pacific Islands and the larger world
      1. Explain some example of Spanish voyages in the Pacific after Magellan
      2. What was the Impact on Pacific islanders of regular visitors and trade