Chapter 26 Study Guide

Introduction
1. Explain who is Thomas Peters.
2. How were societies organized in sub-Saharan Africa?
3. What impact did the establishment of a global trade network have on sub-Saharan Africa?
African politics and societies in early modern times

Introduction
1. How long were Bantu speaking people, migrating throughout sub-Saharan Africa?
2. What replaced the imperial states of west Africa as people organzied their socities to take advantage of the Atlantic trade?
3. Why did the east African cities states fall?
The states of west Africa and east Africa
1. During the fourth century, how did the Kingdom of Ghana, gain the financil resources needed to field a large army and influence west Africa?
2. In the 13th century, who replaced the Kingdom of Ghana as the most powerful kingdom in west Africa?
3. By the 15th century, what explanding state replaced Mali to dominate the western grasslands of Africa?
  1. Who expanded the Songhay empire after 1464 by conqering his neighbors and conslidating his empire? What cities did he bring under his control?
  2. How did he oversee the affairs of his empire?
  3. What was the capital of the Songhay empire?
  4. How did the emperors support Islam in the empire?
  5. How did Sunni Ali continue his traditional beliefs?
4. Explain the of the Fall of Songhay Empire? What emerged in it's place?
5. Explain the decline of Swahili city-states in east Africa?
The kingdoms of central Africa and south Africa
1. What was teh powerful kingdom of central Africa after fourteenth century?
  1. What happed in Kongo in 1483?
  2. What did they supply the king of Kongo?
  3. Who converted to Christianity sixteenth century? Why did they do it?
2. Slave raiding in Kongo
  1. What was the benefits and the problems with close relations with Portugal?
  2. What did the Portuguese and the Kongolese trade with each other?
  3. What undermined authority of kings of Kongo?
  4. Who did the Kongo king get decapitated?
3. What did the Kingdom of Ndongo (modern Angola) attract?
  1. Who led spirited resistance to Portuguese, 1623-1663?
  2. What was her aim or plan against Portugual?
  3. Was she successful?
  4. What happened by the end of the 17th century?
4. Who domininated Southern Africa?
5. Europeans in south Africa after the fifteenth century
  1. Who built a trading post at Cape Town, 1652?
  2. How did the Dutch treat the native Khoikoi in the region?
  3. What became the most prosperous colony in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Islam and Christianity in early modern Africa
1. Introduction
  1. Explain indigenous religious beliefs in Africa?
  2. What are the 'living dead'?
2. Where was Islam most popular in Africa?
  1. Describe the Islamic schools in Timbuktu in Mali.
  2. In Africa, how was Islam an example of syncretism?
  3. Who observed strict form of Islam, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and was concerned with this syncretic brand of Islam? The
3. How did Christianity reached sub-Saharan Africa?
  1. Who were the early supporters of Christanity in Kongo and why?
  2. Explain the Antonian movement of Kongo? How were their beliefs different from traditional Christianity?
  3. What happened to their leader?
Social change in early modern Africa
1. Most of Africa continued to have what type of politcal and social organization?
2. How did Africa changed because of the colombian exchange?
3. Explain why their wasPopulation growth in sub-Sahara africa during the time period of the large scale Atlantic Slave trade.:

The Atlantic slave trade
1. Introduction
  1. From the 15thto the 19th century, how did European people view Africa?
  2. In exchange for slaves, what did African peoples received?
2. Foundations of the slave trade
  1. Was Slavery common in traditional Africa?
    1. Where did Slaves come from in Africa?
    2. Describe the rights of slaves?
    3. What work did slaves do?
    4. Where did wealth and power come from in Africa?
    5. In traditional African society, slaves were often assimilated into what?
  2. After the eighth century, what was well established throughout Africa?
    1. What was the destination of these slaves?
    2. How many slaves many have been shipped out of Africa by Muslim traders?
    3. Who used these existing networks and expanded the slave trade to the Atlantic?
3. Human cargoes
  1. Who started the early slave trade on the Atlantic and in what year?
    1. By 1460. How many slaves a year were shipped to Portugal and Spain?
    2. By fifteenth century African slaves shipped to where and for what purpose?
    3. When did Portuguese planters imported slaves to Brazil?
    4. When and where did the Spanish start shipping African slaves?
    5. When did English colonists bring slaves to North Americ?
  2. Explain the three legs of the Triangular trade.
  3. At every stage the slave trade was brutal
    1. What was the middle Passage? Describe the conditions of the voyage.
    2. What percentage of Africans died during the dreaded middle passage?
4. The impact of the slave trade in Africa
  1. Volume of the Atlantic slave trade increased dramatically after 1600
    1. On average how, how many slaves were exported during the late fifteenth and sizteeenth centuries?
    2. At the height of the trade near the end of the eighteenth century, how many slaves were shipped from Africa?
    3. How many total slaves were brought to the Americas and how many died en route?
  2. Profound impact on African societies
    1. What African societies were spared from the Slave trade?
    2. What African societies flourished and took advantage of the slave trade?
    3. Why did African populations rise during the height of the slave trade?
    4. How did the slave trade distort African sex ratios?
    5. What were the social implications for this imbalance?
  3. How wa the slave trade politically disruptive and result in an increase in tribal violence between Africans?
The African diaspora
1. Introduction
  1. What type of work did African slaves do in the Americas?
  2. Define African Diaspora.
2. Plantation societies
  1. What are some of the most lucrative cash crops of early modern times?
  2. Cash crops introduced to fertile lands of Caribbean early fifteenth century
    1. What year and where was the first sugar plantation in the new world?
    2. What were the common elements found on plantations?
  3. How were plantations racialy divided?
  4. What were the Regional Differences between slavery in South America and North America?
  5. Resistance to slavery widespread, though dangerous
    1. What were common ways that slaves resisted?
    2. Define maroons?
    3. Why were most slave revolts not successful?
    4. What was the only successful slave revolt in history and resulted in the institution being banned in this self-governing republic?
3. The making of African-American cultural traditions
  1. How did Africans from many different tribal groups communicate with each other on slave plantations?
  2. Explain how African created a syncretic religion in the new world? Give some examples of these new religions?
  3. Give some other examples of African-American cultural traditions?
4. The end of the slave trade and the abolition of slavery
  1. What were some of new voices and ideas against slavery
  2. Why was Slavery became increasingly costly?
  3. What was cheaper slave labor on plantations or wage labor in factories? What was an additional benefit of wage laborers?
  4. End of the slave trade
    1. When did Most European states abolished the slave trade?
    2. Did the slave trade continue after it was abolished? Who contiuned to polic the west coast of Africa to prevent the trade?
    3. When was slavery abolished in the British and French colonies, the United States and Brazil?