Chapter 31 Study Guide

  1. Introduction
    1. What are some of the social changes caused by industrialization?
  2. Patterns of industrialization
    1. Introduction
      1. What does Industrialization refer to?
      2. What became the predominate site of industrial production in Europe, the United States and Japan?
    2. Foundations of industrialization
      1. What was critical to the early industrialization of Britain?
        1. Until the 18th century, what was the primary source of fuel for Great Britian? What did this result in?
        2. Did Great Britian have access to coal?
      2. What did Overseas colonies provide?
        1. Name the materials that britian imported and where it came from?
        2. The colonies also became a market for what?
      3. Begining about the mid-eighteenth century, consumer demand encouraged what?
        1. Demand for cotton was so strong that producers had to do what?
        2. What did John Kay invent in 1733?
        3. Samuel Crompton invent in 1779?
          1. How much more efficient was this invention?
        4. What invention automated weaving and who invented it?
      4. Who invented the steam engine in 1765?
        1. How did it work?
        2. What was the result of the steam engine?
      5. Iron and steel also important industries, with continual refinement
        1. What replaced charcoal as principal fuel?
        2. What made cheaper, stronger steel?
      6. What improved with steam engines and improved steel?
        1. Why did James Watt's steam engine not adapt well to transportation?
        2. Who invented the first steam-powered locomotive, 1815?
        3. What begins to replace sailing ships in the mid-nineteenth century?
        4. What were some of the results of Railroads and steamships?
    3. The factory system
      1. Introduction
        1. In the emerging capitalist society of early modern Europe, most manufacturing took place where?
        2. Explain how this economic system worked?
      2. What gradually replaced the putting-out system?
        • Describe how the factory system worked?
      3. Describe the working conditions in the factory?
      4. Who were the Luddites and what did they do?
    4. The early spread of industrialization
      1. How did England try to protect it's monopoly on Industrialization?
      2. How did Industrialization spread to Europe?
      3. Why was Industrialization in North America slow to start?
        1. When did the textile and iron industries begin in America?
        2. When were the Rail networks developed?
    5. Industrial capitalism
      1. Define Mass Production.
      2. What two Americans improved monufacturing techniques by introducting mass production? What did they do?
      3. What were the results of mass production?
      4. Define corporation.
      5. Why did industrialization encourage the development of large corporations?
      6. Define Monopolies, trusts, and cartels?
  3. Industrial society
    1. Introduction
      1. What benefits did industrialization bring?
    2. The fruits of industry
      1. Why did population population grow?
      2. What population changes were typical of industrialized countries?
    3. Urbanization and migration
      1. Industrialization drew migrants from countryside to urban centers
        1. What are some of the demographic changes mentioned in the text? (Include dates and percentages)
        2. What Urban problems were caused by Industrialization?
        3. By the late nineteenth century, how did governments deal with these problems?
      2. Transcontinental migration: some workers sought opportunities abroad
        1. How many Europeans migrated to the Americas?
        2. Why did they flee Europe?
    4. Industry and society
      1. What three new social classes were created by industrialization?
      2. How did industrialization change the family?
      3. Why did men gain increased stature and responsibility in industrial age?
      4. How did middle and upper class men spend their leisure time?
      5. How did working-class men spend their leisure time?
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      6. Why did industrialization limit opportunities for working women?
      7. What type of work for women increased during Industrialization?
      8. What were many children forced to due because of industrialization>
      9. How did goverments respond to this problem and what did they require children to do?
    5. The socialist challenge
      1. Who were the vocal and influential critics of early industrial society?
      2. Who were the Utopian socialists and what did they try to establish?
      3. Who were the most prominent nineteeth century socialists? What did they think of the utopian socialists?
      4. What was their critique of industrial capitalism?
      5. What is the The Communist Manifesto?
      6. What was the "Dictatorship of the proletariat" ?
      7. What Social reforms came about gradually because of the issues brought up by the socialists?
      8. Who represent interests of industrial workers and what did they do?
  4. Global effects of industrialization
    1. Introduction
      • What impact did industrialization have on preindustrial societies around the world?
    2. The continuing spread of industrialization beyond Europe and North America
      1. Describe the impact of Industrialization in Russia?
        1. Who was Russia's Finance minister? How did he promot industry?
        2. By 1900 Russia produced half the world's what?
      2. Industrialization in Japan
        1. Describe Industrialization in Japan
        2. What are zaibatsus?
    1. The international division of labor
      1. Industrialization increased demand for what?
      2. Economic development was better where?
      3. What areas of the world were economically dependent on the industrial countries?